Seedling regeneration on decayed pine logs after the deforestation events caused by pine wilt disease

Authors

  • Y. Fukasawa Laboratory of Forest Ecology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2016.572

Keywords:

brown rot, dead wood, pine wilt disease, Pinus densiflora, seedling colonization

Abstract

Coarse woody debris (CWD) forms an important habitat suitable for tree seedling establishment, and the CWD decay process influences tree seedling community. In Japan, a severe dieback of Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. caused by pine wilt disease (PWD) damaged huge areas of pine stands but creates huge mass of pine CWD. It is important to know the factors influencing seedling colonization on pine CWD and their variations among geographical gradient in Japan to expect forest regeneration in post-PWD stands. I conducted field surveys on the effects of latitude, climates, light condition, decay type of pine logs, and log diameter on tree seedling colonization at ten geographically distinct sites in Japan. In total, 59 tree taxa were recorded as seedlings on pine logs. Among them, 13 species were recorded from more than five sites as adult trees or seedlings and were used for the analyses. A generalized linear model showed that seedling colonization of Pinus densiflora was negatively associated with brown rot in sapwood, while that of Rhus trichocarpa was positively associated with brown rot in heartwood. Regeneration of Ilex macropoda had no relationships with wood decay type but negatively associated with latitude and MAT, while positively with log diameter. These results suggested that wood decay type is a strong determinant of seedling establishment for certain tree species, even at a wide geographical scale; however, the effect is tree species specific.

References

Araya K., 1993. Relationship between the decay types of dead wood and occurrence of Lucanid beetles (coleoptera: lucanidae). Appl Entomol Zool 28:27-33.Bače R., Svoboda M., Pouska V., Janda P., Červenka J., 2012. Natural regeneration in Central-European subalpine spruce forests: Which logs are suitable for seedling recruitment? For Ecol Manage 266:254-262.Cheng D., Igarashi T., 1987. Fungi associated with natural regeneration of Picea jezoensis Carr. in seed stage. Res Bull Coll Exp For 44:175-188.Coomes D.A., Grubb P.J., 2000. Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments. Ecol Monog 70:171-207.DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0171:IORCIF]2.0.CO;2Duchesneau R., Morin H., 1999. Early seedling demography in balsam fir seedling banks. Can J For Res 29:1502-1509. DOI: 10.1139/x99-090Eaton R.A., Hale M.D.C., 1993. Wood: decay, pests and protection. Chapman & Hall, London, 519 p.Enoki T., Kubota K., Kaji K., Kabemura Y., Shiiba Y., Inoue S., Utsumi Y., 2013. Monitoring plots for long-term forest dynamics in the Shiiba Research Forest. Bull Kyushu Univ For 94:40-47 (in Japanese).Fukasawa Y., 2012. Effects of wood decomposer fungi on tree seedling establishment on coarsewoody debris. For Ecol Manage 266:232-238.Fukasawa Y., 2015a. The geographical gradient of pine log decomposition in Japan. For Ecol Manage 349:29-35.Fukasawa Y., 2015b. Basidiomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of current-year Pinus densiflora seedlings that regenerated on decayed logs and on the forest floor soil. J Integr Field Sci 12:19-30.Goto Y., Kominami Y., Miyama T., Tamai K., Kanazawa K., 2003. Aboveground biomass and net primary production of a broad-leaved secondary forest in the southern part of Kyoto prefecture., central Japan. Bull FFPRI 2:115-147.Harmon M.E., Franklin J.F., 1989. Tree seedling on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology 70:48-59. DOI: 10.2307/1938411Harmon M.E., Franklin J.F., Swanson F.J., Sollins P., Gregory S.V., Lattin J.D., Anderson N.H., Cline S.P., Aumen N.G., Sedell J.R., Lienkaemper G.W., Cromack K., Cummins K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 15:133-302. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60121-XHeilmann-Clausen J., Aude E., van Dort K., Christensen M., Piltaver A., Veerkamp M., Walleyn R., Siller I., Standovár T., Òdor P., 2014. Communities of wood-inhabiting bryophytes and fungi on dead beech logs in Europe – reflecting substrate quality or shaped by climate and forest conditions? J Biogeo 41:2269-2282. DOI: 10.1111/jbi.12388Hori Y., Tsuge H., 1993. Photosynthesis of bract and its contribution to seed maturity in Carpinus laxiflora. Ecol Res 8:81-83. DOI: 10.1007/BF02348610Ishihara M.I., Suzuki S.N., Nakamura M., Enoki T., Fujiwara A., Hiura T., Homma K., Hoshino D., Hoshizaki K., Ida H., Ishida K., Itoh A., Kaneko T., Kubota K., Kuraji K., Kuramoto S., Makita A., Masaki T., Namikawa K., Niiyama K., Noguchi M., Nomiya H., Ohkubo T., Saito S., Sakai T., Sakimoto M., Sakio H., Shibano H., Sugita H., Suzuki M., Takashima A., Tanaka N., Tashiro N., Tokuchi N., Yoshida T., Yoshida Y., 2011. Forest stand structure., composition., and dynamics in 34 sites over Japan. Ecol Res Data Paper. 26:1007-1008.Kanno H., Seiwa K., 2004. Sexual vs. vegetative reproduction in relation to forest dynamics in the understorey shrub, Hydrangea paniculata Saxifragaceae. Plant Ecol 170:43-53. DOI: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000019027.88318.54Kato J., Hayashi I., 2006. Quantitative analysis of a stand of Pinus densiflora undergoing succession to Quercus mongolica ssp. crispura: I. A 31-year record of growth and population dynamics of the canopy trees. Ecol Res 21:503-509. DOI: 10.1007/s11284-005-0145-7Kobayashi M., Kamitani T., 2000. Effects of surface disturbance and light level on seedling emergence in a Japanese secondary deciduous forest. J Veg Sci 11:93-100.DOI: 10.2307/3236780Kominami Y., Jomura M., Ataka M., Tamai K., Miyama T., Dannoura M., Makita N., Yoshimura K., 2012. Heterotrophic respiration causes seasonal hysteresis in soil respiration in a warm-temperate forest. J For Res 17:296-304. DOI: 10.1007/s10310-011-0315-0Lonsdale D., Pautasso M., Holdenrieder O., 2008. Wood-decaying fungi in the forest: conservation needs and management options. Eur J Forest Res 127:1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s10342-007-0182-6Lusk D.H., 1995. Seed size, establishment sites and species coexistence in a Chilean rain forest. J Veg Sci 6:249-256. DOI: 10.2307/3236220Mallik A.U., 2003. Conifer regeneration problems in boreal and temperate forests with ericaceous understory: role of disturbance, seedbed limitation, and keystone species change. Critic Rev Plant Sci 22:341-366. DOI: 10.1080/713610860Mori A., Mizumachi E., Osono T., Doi Y., 2004. Substrate-associated seedling recruitment and establishment of major conifer species in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan. For Ecol Manage 196:287-297.Münzbergová Z., 2004. Effect of spatial scale on factors limiting species distribution in dry grassland fragments. J Ecol 92:854-867. DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00919.xNakashizuka T., 1989. Role of uprooting in composition and dynamics of an old-growth forest in Japan. Ecology 70:1273-1278. DOI: 10.2307/1938186Noguchi T., Kawamura T., Itahana N., 1991. Efficiency of mating work on intraspecific crossing of clone in Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. and productivity of seedling by stored artificially pollinated seed of them. Bull For Tree Breed Inst 9:47-81.Ooya K., 2000. Comparison of amount and germination ratio of the seeds obtained from artificial pollination between the environments inside and outside of the greenhouse. Bull For Tree Breed Inst 17:79-85.Osada N., 2005. Influence of between-year variation in the density of Rhus trichocarpa fruits on the removal of fruit by birds. Plant Ecol 176:195-202. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-004-0068-3Otani T., 2002. Seed dispersal by Japanese marten Martes melampus in the subalpine shrubland of northern Japan. Ecol Res 17:29-38. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00460.xPyle C., Brown M.M., 1999. Heterogeneity of wood decay classes within hardwood logs. For Ecol Manage 114:253-259.R development core team, 2014. R: a language and environment for statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria.Sakai A., Sato S., Sakai T., Kuramoto S., Tabuchi R., 2005. A soil seed bank in a mature conifer plantation and establishment of seedlings after clear-cutting in southwest Japan. J For Res 10:295-304. DOI: 10.1007/s10310-004-0138-3Sanchez E., Gallery R., Dalling J.W., 2009. Importance of nurse logs as a substrate for the regeneration of pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. J Trop Ecol 25:429-437. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467409006130Streng D.R., Glitzenstein J.S., Hercombe P.A., 1989. Woody seedling dynamics in an east Texas floodplain forest. Ecol Mono 59:177-204. DOI: 10.2307/2937285 Swenson N.G., Enquist B.J., Pither J., Kerkhoff A.J., Boyle B., Weiser M.D., Elser J.J., Fagan W.F., Forero-Monta-a J., Fyllas N., Kraft N.J.B., Lake J.K., Moles A.T., Pati-o S., Phillips O.L., Price C.A., Reich P.B., Quesada C.A., Stegen J.C., Valencia R., Wright I.J., Wright S.J., Andelman S., Jørgensen P.M., Lacher Jr T.E., Monteagudo A., Nú-ez-Vargas M.P., Vasquez-Martínez R., Nolting K.M., 2012. The biogeography and filtering of woody plant functional diversity in North and South America. Global Ecol Biogeogr 21:798-808. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00727.xTakita M., Mizui N., Tarazawa K., Umeki K., 1998. Annual fluctuation of seed production in thirty-five deciduous broad-leaved tree species. Bull Hokkaido For Res Inst 35:1-11.Xiao Z., Zhang Z., Wang Y., 2004. Dispersal and germination of big and small nuts of Quercus serrata in a subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest. For Ecol Manage195:141-150.

Downloads

Published

2016-04-08

Issue

Section

Research article